Introduction Following the success of COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA technology has rapidly emerged as one of the most important platforms in modern biotechnology . By enabling human cells to temporarily produce therapeutic proteins, mRNA therapeutics are being explored across a wide range of medical applications, including: Vaccines Cancer immunotherapy Protein replacement therapies Gene editing (CRISPR delivery) However, mRNA molecules are inherently fragile. Without protection,

Introduction: The Delivery Problem in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Nucleic acid therapeutics—such as mRNA vaccines, siRNA drugs, and CRISPR-based gene editors—have transformed modern medicine. However, the clinical success of these modalities depends not only on the therapeutic payload itself, but critically on how efficiently and selectively it can be delivered in vivo . Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as the gold-standard platform for systemic nucleic acid delivery. By

Introduction Over the past decade, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a cornerstone technology in nucleic acid drug delivery , enabling the clinical success of messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and gene-editing modalities such as CRISPR-Cas9. Approved products like Onpattro® (patisiran) and the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have demonstrated that effective delivery—rather than payload design alone—is often the decisive fa