Executive Summary Over the past decade, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have become one of the most important therapeutic platforms in oncology drug development. Several ADCs have achieved major clinical success, particularly in breast cancer, hematologic malignancies, and emerging solid tumor indications. However, early generations of ADCs were still constrained by important limitations, including: reliance on a single payload mechanism dependence on a single tumor antigen

Introduction: Why Cancer Vaccines Are Back in Focus For decades, the concept of a cancer vaccine occupied an uncertain space in oncology. Early therapeutic cancer vaccine efforts frequently failed to demonstrate meaningful clinical benefit, leading to skepticism about whether the immune system could be reliably trained to recognize and eliminate tumors (1). This perception has shifted dramatically in recent years. Advances in tumor genomics, neoantigen discovery, and RNA del