Executive Summary Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) hold tremendous promise in both scientific innovation and clinical applications, but they also present significant challenges in manufacturing. Compared to traditional biologics or small-molecule drugs, ADC production involves: biologics (antibodies) highly potent small molecules (payloads) complex conjugation chemistry As a result, ADC manufacturing and CMC (Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls) often become critical bottl

Introduction Messenger RNA (mRNA), once a niche topic confined to molecular biology laboratories, has rapidly emerged as one of the most transformative technologies in modern medicine. While the COVID-19 pandemic brought mRNA vaccines into the global spotlight, their success was not an overnight miracle—it was the culmination of decades of foundational research, engineering breakthroughs, and persistent efforts to overcome the inherent fragility of RNA. Today, mRNA therapeuti