Executive Summary Over the past decade, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have become one of the most important therapeutic platforms in oncology drug development. Several ADCs have achieved major clinical success, particularly in breast cancer, hematologic malignancies, and emerging solid tumor indications. However, early generations of ADCs were still constrained by important limitations, including: reliance on a single payload mechanism dependence on a single tumor antigen

Introduction Following the success of COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA technology has rapidly emerged as one of the most important platforms in modern biotechnology . By enabling human cells to temporarily produce therapeutic proteins, mRNA therapeutics are being explored across a wide range of medical applications, including: Vaccines Cancer immunotherapy Protein replacement therapies Gene editing (CRISPR delivery) However, mRNA molecules are inherently fragile. Without protection,

Introduction This is the third article in LuTra Studio’s ADC series, written for readers without a chemistry or ADC engineering background  who want to understand why many antibody–drug conjugate programs fail despite having strong targets and potent payloads . This article focuses on ADC linker design and conjugation strategy —two elements often treated as technical details, but which frequently become structural failure points  in clinical development and manufacturing scal